Copyright by the editor, Hal Morris, Secaucus, NJ 1997. Permission is granted to copy, but not for sale, nor in multiple copies, except by permission.
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With this issue, JM resumes weekly publication. The text is "The Horrors of War", an excerpt from The New Orleans Book, edited by Robert Barnwell Gibbes, 1851. The book looks like a compilation of articles from a periodical, and seems to me culturally and politically Whiggish.
QUERIES:
Two people wanted to see "The Horrors of War", by Myra Clark
Gaines:
Elizabeth Alexander, of Texas Christian University, Fort Worth,
TX, who is doing research on Mrs. Gaines (and would like to hear from others
interested in Myra Gains), and
Samuel Johnston Watson, University of St. Thomas, Houston TX
, a student of Mrs. Gains' husband, General Edmund Pendleton Gaines.
Elizabeth Alexander writes:
"Myra Clark Gaines was the plaintiff in the longest-running legal case in the history of the United States court system. From 1834 to her death in 1885 she fought to establish herself as the legal heir of her father, Daniel Clark, a wealthy New Orleans merchant who died in 1813.
Myra was the daughter of Clark and a young Frenchwoman, Zulime Carriere. Her mother was married in 1796 to a French emigrant ... when she met Clark. According to Myra Gaines' lawsuits, her mother [learned that the Frenchman] had been previously married and not divorced. Believing that she was legally free ..., Zulime married Clark in Philadelphia in 1802 or 1803."
Clark acted as if he had second thoughts about the marriage, and/or doubts about its validity. At any rate, they lived separately, and Myra's mother was regarded by many as Clark's mistress. As a legitimate child, she should have inherited a large fortune, but she instead had to fight fifty years for it, and in the end, got very little.
"The Horrors of War" was a speech given in 1840 and 1841 as an accompaniment to her husband, General Edmund Pendleton Gains, a War of 1812 hero, who hoped to influence President Harrison to adopt a massive defense plan, along the lines of "peace through strength". The fame of her case made Mrs. Gains useful in drawing crowds for her husband, and in addition, she reminded audiences of the possible consequences of a country being so weak as to invite attack.
"Alexis de Tocqueville in Democracy in America said that public opinion relegated American women to a "narrow circle of domestic interests" and refused to let her step beyond them. Modern historians of women have adapted Tocqueville's metaphor of "separate spheres" to define what Barbara Welter called the Cult of True Womanhood. This speech indicates that MCG is well aware that she faced criticism for stepping beyond the accepted bounds of female behavior and she begins her speech by attempting to defuse her opposition. It is fascinating that she actually refers to woman's "more peaceful sphere," even though she spent her whole life in the "contentious world" of men. One of the reasons that I think she was able to prevail, not only in the courtrooms but in the arena of public opinion, is that she was able to articulate her actions in terms acceptable to the dominant concept of women's position in society. This speech demonstrates how she achieved that goal."
As in the following bit of flowery prose, from the beginning of her speech:
"Were I alone and unprotected, it would scarcely comport with that delicacy which a female ought always to cultivate and maintain; but when I do it in the presence of my liege lord, to whom I am accountable for all my actions-and when it is on War, a subject in which he has all his life been interested and concerned [who can blame me]?"
THE fact of a lady addressing a large audience, in a highly respectable
and enlightened community, is, it must be admitted, a novel and uncommon
scene; and, to those who know me, it is scarcely necessary to say, that
I am quite inexperienced in the art of public speaking. To some it may
appear strange that a lady should come forward in public, and address a
mixed audience, and give her sentiments on a subject in which it cannot
be supposed she has had any experience Some, if not many, of my own sex
may fancy that I am rather transgressing the boundaries of strict female
reservedness, and that it is wrong for a lady to speak in a public
assembly. Were I alone and unprotected, it would scarcely comport with
that delicacy which a female ought always to cultivate and maintain; but
when I do it in the presence of my liege lord, to whom I am accountable
for all my actions-and when it is on War, a subject in which he has all
his life been interested and concerned, (and what wife can be blamed in
taking a deep interest in the affairs of her husband?) I should think that,
were a jury selected from this highly respectable audience, and composed
of some of even the most fastidious of my own sex, to try me for the act
in which I am now engaged, I am confident the verdict would come in acquitted.
I am not ignorant of the truth, that woman's province is the domestic
circle; or, in the words of the immortal Milton, "She is to study
household good, and good works in her husband to promote." Hers are
the calm pursuits and gentle enjoyments of life: man's, that of enterprise
and action. Man is to fill a wide and busy theatre, on a contentious world,
while woman is destined by her Maker to move in a more peaceful
sphere.
The strifes and contentions. of men, in what ever manner they break
out, and from whatever source they may spring, are always subjects of regret
and causes of grief and sorrow. Men are sprung from one common parent:
they derived their existence from the same Father: and being so nearly
related, the bonds of friendship and the ties of union and agreement should
be strengthened and firmly cemented in every possible way:
goodwill should be, in fact, a universal principle. Under these
circumstances it must be painful to every person of common humanity and
feelings to reflect on the depravity of man, as displayed in the quarrels
and contests which have been so common in every age, and in every part
of the world. Who can paint the horrors of war? What pen can describe the
wretchedness and sufferings experienced by thousands who, to satisfy the
ambition and revenge of a few, were its victims ? Permit me to lay before
you only a few floating recollections on the Horrors of War, from the page
of history, and you will see what an unhappy sight a field of battle must
be.
Think of fifty or one hundred thousand human beings on each side prepared
for slaughter, and patiently, or ardently, awaiting the signal which hurries
them on to carnage, not only without remorse, but even, when the excitation
of the bloody business has begun, with ardor and enthusiasm, although the
cause of the contest has been, in not a few instances, unknown to their
leaders. It is recorded that one million of Jews were slain at the destruction
of Jerusalem. The Jews of Antioch, we know, destroyed one hundred
thousand of their countrymen, and Probus caused seven hundred thousand
Gauls to be slain. In the sixth century thirty thousand inhabitants of
Constantinople were put to death. Ten centuries after, seventyfive
thousand Huguenots, and sixtyfive thousand Christians, in Croatia,
were massacred. In Batavia twelve thousand Chinese were destroyed by the
natives. The Arabs slew forty thousand people at (Constantinople in the
middle of the last century. The French Revolution, it is calculated by
a learned writer, cost the lives of three millions of people; and
many other such bloody transactions might be taken from the records of
history. It is somewhere said that, during the last seven hundred years,
there have been two hundred and sixtysix years of war between England
and France, in which twentysix millions of souls have been
slain! Were it necessary, I could greatly extend the catalogue of thousands
who, in ancient times, were carried off by that terrible scourge-war. Yes,
this very generation has witnessed the destruction of millions of our race
It has seen half a million of combatants marshaled in battle array around
the walls of a Leipsic; it has seen a Borodino strewn with eighty thousand
bodies of the slain; and a Muscovy overspread with the wreck of the mightiest
host of modern days.
In the invasion of the Burman Empire by the British army, onehalf
perished by sickness. The invasion of Russia by Napoleon furnishes
another and more striking illustration.
Ten thousand horses, says Count Segur, perished on the march, and more especially in the encampments which followed. A large quantity of equipage remained abandoned on the sands, and great numbers of men subsequently gave way. Their carcasses were lying encumbering the road. The army had advanced but a hundred leagues from the Niemen, and already it was completely prostrated. The officers who traveled post from France to join it, arrived dismayed. They could not conceive how a victorious army, without fighting, should leave behind it more wrecks than a defeated one. From these sufferings, physical and moral, from these privations, from these continual scenes of horror, sprang two dreadful epidemics, one of which was the typhus fever. Out of twentytwo thousand Bavarians, who had crossed the Oder, eleven thousand only reached the Duna, and yet they had never been in action. This military march cost the French onefourth, and the allies onehalf, their armies. If this is victorious invasion, what must be disastrous retreat? We will see, says Labaune, marching from Smolensko, a spectacle the most horrible that could be seen. We saw soldiers stretched by dozens around the green branches which they had vainly attempted to kindle, and so numerous were their bodies, that they would have obstructed the road, had not the soldiers been often employed in throwing them into the ditches and ruts. Speaking of the passage of the Beresina, the same writer says, Now began a frightful contention between the foot soldiers and the horsemen. Many perished by the hands of their comrades; but a greater number was suffocated at the head of the bridge, and the dead bodies of men and horses so choked every avenue, that it was necessary to climb over mountains of carcasses to arrive at the river. At length the Russians advanced in a mass. At the sight of the enemy, the artillery, the baggage wagons, the cavalry, and the foot soldiers, all pressed on, contending which should pass first. The strongest threw into the river those who were weaker, and hindered their passage, or unfeelingly trampled under foot all the sick they found in their way. Many hundreds were crushed to death by the wheels of the cannon.
Thousands and thousands of victims, deprived of all hope, threw themselves
into the Beresina, and lost in its waves. I could point to sacked towns
and cities, and show you the aged and infirm, the delicate female and the
tender infant, weltering in their blood. I could exhibit large territories
laid waste, and their inhabitants perishing by famine and pestilence. Here
we should behold the sick and the wounded, expiring for want of the proper
care, and there others through privation and fatigue. In short,
the task were almost endless, to designate the various means by which the
unhappy victims of war are sent to an untimely grave. When nations are
engaged in hostilities, we hear of the amount of their respective forceswe
are informed of their numbers slain in battle; and without once thinking
of any other loss, we are surprised to find that but a handful remain at
the termination of a campaign. In what has been said, however, the mystery
is partly revealed; and we find that war, in very deed, has means of destruction
more formidable than the cannon or the sword, and we are no longer incredulous
respecting the vast numbers slain. We can understand how it was that five
millions perished in the ravages of Africa, on the Mediterranean; how that,
out of seven hundred thousand Croises that, in the famed Crusades, sat
down before the walls of Nice, forty thousand only encamped around Jerusalem
how that the possession of Nice, Edessa and Antioch, cost the lives of
eight millions one hundred thousand people; how the Crusades drained Europe
of twenty millions of its inhabitants: how that, during the first fourteen
years of the Mogul Empire, millions and millions of human beings were destroyed
by Gengis Khan: how that Alexander, Caesar and Napoleon, occasioned each
the destruction of millions: and how that the whole number of inhabitants
destroyed by war in all ages of the world amounts, according to the estimates
of a most exact calculator, to the enormous sum of seventy billions!
Where, where is the imagination able to conceive of such a sum!and
for the mind to grasp a million or two is a difficultybut seventy billions
of human beings cut off by war, how dreadful the thought! Who can calculate
the horrors of war ?and here we might pause and ponder, and ask, Why this
waste of human life? All these millions, these thousands of millions of
rational beings, accountable at heaven's awful tribunal, have been precipitated
prematurely into eternity. What an amount is seventy billions !a sum greater,
by far, than the present population of the whole earth. And yet how apt
are we to feel unmovedwe who can weep, perhaps, over a well told tale of
imaginary evil, written by some hungry, starving novel writer! Alas, have
we plaudits for these awful realities! The sight of a murdered corpse petrifies
us with horror and amazement. We feel, in viewing it, as if the order of
nature had been violated, and the eternal principles of right outraged;
but we can read of a battle where thousands-nay, hundreds of thousands,
strew the earth for miles aroundwhere the dying and the dead are huddled
together in mountain piles, and where the most heartrending scenes
of romance are more than a thousand times realized.
The next evil that presents itself for a moment's consideration, is
the multiform and frightful sufferingthe loathsome and horrible wretchedness
realized in warsuffering and wretchedness, compared with which the common
ills of life, and even the fabled ones of romance, dwindle into insignificance.
Now of this suffering and wretchedness, which go so far towards constituting
what is appalling and horrible in war, we are almost entirely ignorant.
We hear, indeed, of the number wounded, but we think but little of their
agonies, and deem their wounds of no consequence, so they do not prove
mortal, and cause an ultimate diminution of forces. It does not occur to
us, that the wounded sometimes lie on the field for many days, with their
wounds undressed, among slaughtered heaps of their fellows, famishing with
hunger, burning with thirst, chilled with the damps of night, drenched
with descending showers, scorched with the summer sun, stiffened with the
winter's frost, suffocated with surrounding putrifaction, trodden under
foot of men and horses, crushed by the wheels of cannon, torn by ravenous
beasts and birds of prey. We hear of the sack of a citybut if the inhabitants
are not absolutely massacred, we feel no further concern on their account.
We hear of a retreatand then we even find cause for gratulation, that the
army is able to make one without falling into the hands of an enemy. But
whether any perish by fatigue or privation while making it, or whether
the sick or the wounded have been abandoned to the mercy of the enemy,
without medicine, without nourishment, without care, is not entitled to
a moment's consideration. Oh! the horrors of war are too greattoo numeroustoo
painfultoo heartrending, for us to recount, and we will gladly leave this
part of our subject, and take a little relief by glancing at another; but
before doing so, permit me to relate an anecdote:
It is said that a lady, in conversation with the Duke of Wellington,
on the subject of war, during the occupation of Paris by the Allies, asked
the Duke, if the gaining of a great victory was not the most glorious thing
in the world? The Duke's answer was noble: "It is," said he,
"Madame the greatest of all human calamities, except a defeat."
It was a memorable saying, well worthy of this or any other age, and
showed the Duke's heart was in the right place.
Peace should be the chief aim of a commercial, and indeed of every people.
Nothing but selfdefence can justify war: and the National Defence,
of which you have just heard so much this evening, provides only against
attack; it proposes not to be an aggressor; and whilst it prepares for
war, its object by this preparation is, if possible, rather to prevent
it, and all its accompanying horrors. Should a foreign foe see proper to
attack our coasts, does not common prudence dictate to be prepared to act
on the defensive? and is it when the enemy is at our doors that we should
awake to preparation? Hannibal's great maxim was, "that people
were nowhere vulnerable except at home."
Let us leave the dark picture, and glance for a moment at the advantages
of peace to a country, and we will see how it flourishes in all its interests.
It is then that the Governor of a country can behold with pleasure the
happiness of his people. It is during peace that the statesman, with rapture,
beholds the success of his long studied plans and enterprises. It is then
the man of independence lives comfortably and securely on the fortune he
has honestly acquired. It is in peace that the mechanic with delight looks
at the increase of wealth flowing into a country, and the farmer reaps
with joy the benefits arising from his toil and industry. Even the very
warrior himself, and the honest countryman, have both experienced the advantages
of peace. And why should men love war, rather than peace? Is it because
they are ambitious, revengeful and ignorant? Ah! many striking instances
might be given of the frailty of human nature, and of the exercise of those
malevolent passions which have given rise to the most cruel and bloody
wars. To recount them would be a painful task; and, without trespassing
any longer on your time and patience, let me only hope that, should war
ever come into our beloved country, we shall be prepared to act on the
defensive, and then America experts every man to do his duty; and
if we only bear in mind the valor and moral worth of a Washington, and
try to imitate his virtues, we can never degenerate as a people. Praised
be the God of Sabaoth, for having nerved our soldiers, during the revolutionary
war, with invincible Strength! and praised be His name for having appointed
us a system of government which secures political freedom and personal
safety, and that we enjoy a system of religion which is as glorious in
its tendency as it is divine in its origin. These are the invaluable privileges,
whose united rays form the Sun of America's glory, around which all her
other minor distinctions revolve as planets, borrowing the shadows of their
radiance, and reflecting the beams of their effulgence. Who can look upon
our free Constitution, and its effects, in a political point of view, but
as the glory and the defence of our land! Americans, then, I conjure you,
by your patriotism, by your regard to that unrivaled land which gave you
birth, and by the remembrance of what our forefathers have done, to support
our glorious institutions-to stand up for the defence of our countryto
preserve the beauty of our excellent Constitution, and maintain the spirit
of Christianity amongst us. We are, it cannot be denied, becoming a great
commercial people, but let us not be satisfied with that species of greatness
alone; rather let us increase farther and farther in moral greatness, the
grand distinction of any people. It is our moral greatness which makes
our laws so superior and excellent. Those are, indeed, a glory to an American,
for they are made for the general good, and are dictated by wisdom and
experience. Let us hope that our moral greatness, and high sense of justice
will never leave us. America is now placed on the pinnacle of glory; she
has arrived at the summit of happiness. She was once like a star which
twinkled on the dark concave of heaven, and scarcely could be seenbut now
a Sun, which shines with effulgence and splendor in the etherial sky, and
which dazzles the eyes of admiring beholders. Her military and naval greatness
may leave her. Rome and Athens, we know, acquired glory which, at one time,
outshone that of all the world. They had conquered many nations, but their
power and their moral greatness at last declined; and the dawn of luxury
hastened on the dissolution of these republics. Thus it may be one day
with us: our commerce, even, may go to another nation; our glory, happiness
and prosperity may vanish "as the morning cloud or early dew ;"
but never, never, may our moral greatness leave us. It is the noblest,
the brightest gem that glitters in her diadem, and may this always remain
firm and immovable as the mountain rocks. O, America! thou land of my nativity,
where shall I find a land so dear to my heart, and so delightful as thou
art! Were I in heaven and viewing this our lower world wheeling brightly
under my feet, thou to me wouldst shine brighter than all the rest of the
earth, and thou still wilt continue to do so, whilst God is a wall of fire
about thee, and Religion is in the midst of thee! May no scenes of blood
ever distress and pollute our happy country. May war and discord never
utter their clamors amongst us; and may the roar of the cannonade and the
clash of arms never be heard; but may universal peace and happiness sway
their sceptre over a smiling world.